Inglés

__**RESOURCES **__ [|Introduction] The term 'natural resources' refers to all the natural things on our earth. It includes everything, that is naturally available and that is not creatable by any human activity. It specifically excludes the materials created by man. [|Types of Natural Resources] The renewable resources can maintain themselves or can be replaced if managed wisely. These resources are constantly renewed in nature. The renewable resources are therefore not likely to be lost due to excessive and unwise use. [|Geological Resources] Large number of industries is established in the course of development of human society - based on vast geological resources. Most geological resources are the basis of industrial development and improvement of human life styles. [|Hydrogeological Resources] Due to unequal temperatures during the cooling process, earth's surface developed large number of vast depressions (where oceans are formed), mountains (due to which rains are intercepted) and valleys (where rain water is collected to flow in the form of rivers, streams). [|Atmospheric Resources] The atmosphere around earth is a blessing of nature on earth to have permitted the existence of life on it. Earth is endowed with an excellent resource of atmosphere - both to shield it from sun's harsh rays and other ill effects of celestial bodies as well as to provide the basis of life on earth. [|Edaphic Resources (Soil Resources)] Edaphic resources refer to soil resources. Due to varying temperature, rainfall, topographical characters in different parts of world, the rocks weather differently. Further, the rocks themselves are of varying chemical composition. Due to this varying types of soils are formed. [|Crop Resources] The biodiversity of plants is spread in forests and crops. Crops are species of plants cultivated for centuries with specifically distinguishable characters from their wild ancestors. Forests cover large number of species on a limited geographical area. [|Aquatic Resources] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Vast water bodies and large number of flowing waters support the life of aquatic species. Oceans occupying two-thirds of global area have naturally harboured a large wealth of aquatic plants and animals that are being exploited as aquatic resource. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Animal Resources] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">All animal species, which are domesticated and grow friendly to human beings, are grouped as animal resources. These are some select species of animals. But they are large populations of each species, while wild species are large in number with smaller population in each species. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Forest Resources] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Forests are the most important resource of our globe. Naturally formed forests are found in such parts of globe - where the factors of plant growth have been ideal for several centuries. For this reason, they are mostly found in regions of high rainfall and regions of high altitude. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Wildlife Resources] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Wild life resources include all animals, which grow and propagate naturally without any sort of human interference. They remain in wild form without any sort of friendly association with man. Invariably they are in forests. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Causes of Extinction of Wildlife] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Wildlife species may become totally extinct if no measures are taken to protect them. Some of reasons for extinction of wild life are. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Microbial Resource] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Microbial resource is a resource not seen by naked eyes, like all other resource. But it is a powerful resource existing in all parts of globe - in atmosphere, on the earth, inside the earth, on the sea and inside sea, inside the bodies of animals and plants. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Misuse of Natural Resources] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Misuse of natural resources refers to excessive use, destructive use or achieving imbalance between resources either individually or in combination. Misuse of resources can also be direct or indirect. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Impact of Misuse of Natural Resources] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Despite all sorts of misuses and attempts to modify all the natural resources according to human necessities, natural resources have exhibited one of above restrictions. In fact, such restrictions have limited the ambitions of human being to exploit the natural resources 'in the manner he wants'. <span style="color: #0060ff; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|Summary] <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Man has to be dependent on natural resources despite all the scientific inventions

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">__PROVERBS﻿__ //With meanings// the time. || Other interpretation : A small preventive treatment wards off serious problems. || and can do as he wishes. || cure the disease later. || 2) Three lives = 3 years to play, 3 years to stray, 3 years to stay. || **fill barn and cellar and bring much hay.** || Harvest predictions according to the weather. || their time. || possessions. Another interpretation is that, by moving often, one avoids being tied down! || worse. || preferable to conceal. || ** healthy, wealthy and wise. ** ||   || **for hay nor grain.** || Plants and crops will grow badly if there is no rain in early spring. || and the other will be the subordinate. ||
 * || __** Proverb **__ || __** Explanation / Meaning **__ ||
 * **A** || ** Absence makes the heart grow fonder. ** || When you are away from someone you love, you love them even more. ||
 * || ** Accidents will happen. ** || Some unfortunate events must be accepted as inevitable. ||
 * || ** Actions speak louder than words. ** || What a person actually does is more important that what they say they will do. ||
 * || **Advice is cheap.** || It doesn't cost anything to offer advice. ||
 * || ** Advice is least heeded when most needed. ** || When a problem is serious, people often do not follow the advice given. ||
 * || ** Advisers run no risks. ** || It's easier to give advice than to act. ||
 * || ** All cats are grey in the dark. ** || People are undistinguished until they have made a name. ||
 * || ** All good things come to those who wait. ** || Patience brings rewards. ||
 * || ** All that glitters is not gold. ** || Appearances can be deceptive. ||
 * || **All days are short to Industry and long to Idleness.** || Time goes by slowly when you have nothing to do. ||
 * || ** All is fair in love and war ** || Things that are done in love or war can often be excused. ||
 * || ** All's well that ends well ** || There is a solution to everything even though there are doubts. ||
 * || ** All that glitters is not gold. ** || What look good on the outside may not be so in reality. ||
 * || ** All things grow with time - except grief. ** || As time goes by, grief subsides little by little. ||
 * || ** All things are difficult before they are easy. ** || With practice things become easier. ||
 * || ** All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. ** || Everybody needs a certain amount of relaxation. It is not good to work all
 * || ** An apple a day keeps the doctor away.* ** || Eating an apple every day can help to keep you healthy.
 * || ** An empty purse frightens away friends. ** || When one's financial situation deteriorates, friends tend to disappear. ||
 * || ** An Englishman's home is his castle. ** || An Englishman's home is a place where he feels safe, enjoys privacy
 * || **An idle brain is the devil's workshop.** || When you work you avoid temptation. ||
 * || **An onion a day keeps everyone away.*** || *A humoristic version of "an apple a day..." ||
 * || ** An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ** || It is easier to prevent something from happening than to repair the damage or
 * || ** Anger is the one thing made better by delay. ** || When you are angry, it is best not to speak or act immediately. ||
 * || ** Any time means no time. ** || If the date of an event remains vague, it will never happen. ||
 * || **April showers bring May flowers.** || Something bad or unpleasant today may bring good things in the future. ||
 * || **A bad tree does not yield good apples.** || A bad parent does not raise good children. ||
 * || ** A bad workman blames his tools. ** || Blaming the tools for bad workmanship is an excuse for lack of skill. ||
 * || ** A bird in hand is worth two in a bush. ** || It's better to keep what you have than to risk losing it by searching for something better. ||
 * || ** A broken friendship may be soldered but will **
 * never be sound. ** || Friendships can be rebuilt after a dispute but will never be as strong as before. ||
 * || ** A burden of one's own choice is not felt. ** || Something difficult seems easier when it is done voluntarily. ||
 * || ** A burnt child dreads the fire. ** || A bad experience will make people stay away from certain things. ||
 * || ** A cat has nine lives. ** || 1) Cats can survive many accidents because they land on their feet without injury.
 * || ** A cat has nine lives. ** || 1) Cats can survive many accidents because they land on their feet without injury.
 * || ** A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. ** || The strength of a group depends on each individual member. ||
 * || ** A change is as good as a rest. ** || A change in routine is often as refreshing as a break or a holiday. ||
 * || **A dry March, a wet April and a cool May**
 * || ** A fault confessed is half redressed. ** || Confession is the beginning of forgiveness. ||
 * || ** A flower blooms more than once. ** || If you miss an occasion, you can avail of it at another time. ||
 * || ** A fool and his money are soon (easily) parted. ** || A foolish person usually spends money carelessly. ||
 * || ** A fool at forty is a fool forever. ** || If a person hasn't matured by the age of 40, they never will. ||
 * || ** A friend in need is a friend indeed. ** || Someone who helps you when you are in trouble is a real friend. ||
 * || ** A friend to all is a friend to none. ** || Someone who is a friend to everyone makes none of them feel special. ||
 * || ** A friend's eye is a good mirror. ** || A real friend will tell you the truth. ||
 * || ** A good example is the best sermon. ** || Giving an example is better than giving advice. ||
 * || ** A good beginning makes a good end. ** || If a task is carefully planned, there's a better chance that it will be done well. ||
 * || ** A good conscience is a soft pillow. ** || You sleep well when you have nothing to feel guilty about. ||
 * || ** A guilty conscience needs no accuser. ** ||  ||
 * || ** A leopard cannot change its spots. ** || It is not possible for a bad or unpleasant person to become good or pleasant. ||
 * || ** A loaded wagon makes no noise. ** || Really wealthy don't talk about money. ||
 * || ** A loveless life is a living death. ** ||  ||
 * || ** A man can die but once. ** ||  ||
 * || ** A man is as old as he feels himself to be. ** ||  ||
 * || ** A man is known by the company he keeps. ** || A person's character is judged by the type of people with whom they spend
 * || ** A monkey in silk is a monkey no less. ** || No matter how someone dresses, it's the same person underneath. ||
 * || ** A new broom sweeps clean. ** || A newly-appointed person makes changes energetically. ||
 * || ** A problem shared is a problem halved. ** || It will be easier to deal with a problem if you discuss it with someone. ||
 * || ** A rising tide lifts all boats. ** || Describes something that will be helpful to all. ||
 * || ** A rolling stone gathers no moss. ** || If a person keeps moving from place to place, they gain neither friends nor
 * || ** A rotten apple spoils the barrel. ** || A dishonest or immoral person can have a bad influence on a group. ||
 * || ** A smooth sea never made a skilled mariner. ** || Overcoming adversity leads to competence. ||
 * || ** A stitch in time saves nine. ** || It's better to deal with a problem at an early stage, to prevent it from getting
 * || ** A stumble may prevent a fall. ** || Correcting a small mistake may help you to avoid making a bigger one. ||
 * || ** A swallow does not make the summer. ** || One good event does not mean that everything is alright. ||
 * || **A tree is known by its fruit.** || A man is judged by his actions. ||
 * || ** A watched pot never boils ** || If you wait anxiously for something, it seems to take a long time. ||
 * || **A young idler, an old beggar.** || If you don't work, you won't have any money when you're old. ||
 * || ** After dinner rest a while, after supper walk a mile. ** || Today 'dinner' is usually called 'lunch', and 'supper' more often called 'dinner'. ||
 * || ** As you make your bed you must lie upon it. ** || You should choose carefully the person you marry. ||
 * || **As you sow, so shall you reap** || You have to accept the consequences of your actions. ||
 * || ** Ask me no questions, I'll tell you no lies. ** || There are subjects I'd rather not discuss. ||
 * ** B ** || ** Bad news travels fast. ** || People tend to circulate bad news (accidents, illness etc.) very quickly. ||
 * || ** Beauty is only skin deep. ** || A person's character is more important than their appearance. ||
 * || ** Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. ** || Different people have different tastes. ||
 * || ** Beauty is the wisdom of women. Wisdom is the **
 * beauty of men. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Be swift to hear, slow to speak. ** || Listen carefully before speaking. ||
 * || ** Better be alone than in bad company. ** || Be careful in the choice of the people you associate with. ||
 * || **Better be the head of a dog then the tail of a lion.** || It's better to be the leader of a small group than a subordinate in a bigger one. ||
 * || ** Better flatter a fool than fight him. ** || It's better to avoid disputes with stupid people. ||
 * || ** Better the devil you know than the devil you **
 * don't know ** || It's better to deal with somebody difficult but familiar, than change and risk dealing with somebody worse.  ||
 * || ** Better late than never. ** || It's better to do something, even if it's late, than not do it at all. ||
 * || ** Better lose the saddle than the horse. ** || It's better to stop and accept a small loss, rather than continue and risk losingeverything.  ||
 * || ** Better safe than sorry ** || It's better to be too careful than to be careless and regret it later. ||
 * || ** Better to drink the milk than to eat the cow. ** || Be careful not to destroy the source of your income or welfare. ||
 * || ** Better untaught than ill-taught ** || It's better not to be taught at all than to be taught badly. ||
 * || ** Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. ** || Don't trust your enemies. ||
 * || ** Birds of a feather flock together. ** || People of the same sort are usually found together. ||
 * || ** Blood is thicker than water ** || Family relationships are stronger than relationships with other people. ||
 * || ** Blood will out. ** || A person's background or education will eventually show. ||
 * || ** Boys will be boys. ** || Boys, and sometimes men, behave in a childish way from time to time. ||
 * ** C ** || ** Charity begins at home. ** || A person's first duty is to help and care for his own family. ||
 * || ** Children and fools tell the truth. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Cleanliness is next to godliness. ** || A clean body is just as important as a pure soul. ||
 * || ** Clear moon, frost soon. ** || If the atmosphere is clear, frost may form. ||
 * || ** Clothes don't make the man. ** || Appearances can be deceiving. ||
 * || **Constant occupation prevents temptation.** || When you work you avoid temptation. ||
 * || ** Crime doesn't pay ** || Criminals do not benefit from their actions. ||
 * ** D ** || **Dead men tell no tales** || A dead person cannot cause difficulties by revealing something that it would be
 * || ** Crime doesn't pay ** || Criminals do not benefit from their actions. ||
 * ** D ** || **Dead men tell no tales** || A dead person cannot cause difficulties by revealing something that it would be
 * ** D ** || **Dead men tell no tales** || A dead person cannot cause difficulties by revealing something that it would be
 * || **Diamond cuts diamond.** || Refers to two people equally matched in wit or cunning. ||
 * || ** Diligence is the mother of good fortune. ** || Hard work brings rewards. ||
 * || ** Discretion is the better part of valour ** || It is useless to take unnecessary risks. ||
 * || ** Diseases of the soul are more dangerous than **
 * those of the body. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Distance makes the heart grow fonder. ** || When you are separated from the person you love, your feelings are even stronger. ||
 * || ** Dogs of the same street bark alike. ** || People from the same background have the same behaviour. ||
 * || ** Don't bark if you can't bite. ** || Don't complain if you can't enforce your point of view. ||
 * || ** Don't count your chickens before they're hatched. ** || You must not be too confident that something will be successful. ||
 * || ** Don't dig your grave with your own knife and fork. ** || Don't do something yourself which causes your own downfall. ||
 * || ** Don't judge a book by its cover. ** || Don't judge by appearances. ||
 * ** E ** || ** Early to bed and early to rise makes a man **
 * ** E ** || ** Early to bed and early to rise makes a man **
 * || ** Easier said than done. ** || What is suggested sounds easy but it is more difficult to actually do it. ||
 * || ** Easy come, easy go. ** || Money obtained without difficulty is easily spent or lost. ||
 * || ** Elbow grease is the best polish. ** || Hard work gives the best results. ||
 * || ** Empty vessels make the most noise. ** || The least intelligent people are often the most talkative or noisy. ||
 * || ** Every ass likes to hear himself bray. ** || People like to listen to themselves talking. ||
 * || ** Every cloud has a silver lining ** || There is a positive or hopeful side to every unpleasant situation. ||
 * || ** Every man for himself. ** || You must think of your own interests before the interests of others. ||
 * || ** Every man has his price. ** || Everyone's loyalty can be bought for a price. ||
 * || **Every man is the architect of his own fortune.** || Life is what you make it. ||
 * || ** Every path has its puddle. ** || Progress is rarely without difficulty. ||
 * || ** Every rose has its thorn. ** || Every good thing has an unpleasant side. ||
 * || ** Every why has a wherefore. ** || There is an explanation for everything. ||
 * || ** Everything in the garden is rosy. ** || Everything is satisfactory. ||
 * || ** Experience is the father of wisdom. ** || Experience and knowledge result in better judgement. ||
 * ** F ** || ** Facts speak louder than words. ** || People show what they are really like by what they do, rather than by whatthey say.  ||
 * || ** Failure teaches success. ** ||  ||
 * || ** False friends are worse than open enemies. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Familiarity breeds contempt ** || Knowing somebody very well may lead to a lack of respect for them. ||
 * || ** Fine words butter no parsnips. ** || No amount of talking can replace action. ||
 * || ** First come, first served. ** || The first person in the line will be attended to first. ||
 * || ** First things first. ** || You should start with the most important duties or concerns. ||
 * || ** Fool me once, shame on you; **
 * fool me twice, shame on me. ** || One should learn from one's mistakes. ||
 * || ** Fools rush in where angels fear to tread ** || Inexperienced people act in situations that more intelligent people would avoid ||
 * || ** Friendship is love with understanding. ** ||  ||
 * ** G ** || ** Gardens are not made by sitting in the shade. ** || Nothing is achieved without effort. ||
 * || ** Give someone an inch and they will take a **
 * mile (or yard). ** || Give someone a little and they will want more - some people are never satisfied. ||
 * || ** Give someone enough rope and they will hang **
 * themselves. ** || Give someone enough time and freedom and they will get into trouble. ||
 * || ** God helps those who help themselves. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Good accounting makes good friends. ** || You will keep your friends if you avoid disputes over money. ||
 * || **Good and quickly seldom meet.** || A well-done job takes time. ||
 * || ** Good management is better than good income. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Great minds think alike. ** || Said when you express the same opinion as another person at the same time. ||
 * || ** Great oaks grow from little acorns. ** || Large successful operations can begin in a small way. ||
 * || ** Grief divided is made lighter ** || If you share your grief it is easier to bear. ||
 * ** H ** || ** Half a loaf is better than none. ** || You should be grateful for something, even if it's not as much as you wanted. ||
 * || ** Hard words break no bones. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Haste makes waste. ** || If something is done too quickly, it may be done carelessly and need to be redone. ||
 * || ** Hatred is a blind as love. ** || A person who feels hatred does not see any qualities in the person he/she hates. ||
 * || ** He can who believes he can. ** || If you believe you can do something, you will be able to do it. ||
 * || ** He has enough who is content. ** || A happy person needs nothing more. ||
 * || ** He who hesitates is lost. ** || If you delay your decision too long, you may miss a good opportunity. ||
 * || ** He who is everywhere is nowhere. ** || It's not good to do too many things at the same time. ||
 * || ** He who knows nothing, doubts nothing. ** || Knowledge leads us to make choices. ||
 * || ** He who pays the piper calls the tune. ** || The person who provides the money for something should control how it is spent ||
 * || ** He who plays with fire gets burnt. ** || If you behave in a risky way, you are likely to have problems. ||
 * || ** He who wills the end wills the means. ** || If you are determined to do something you will find a way. ||
 * || ** He laughs best who laughs last. ** || Don't express your joy, or your triumph, too soon! ||
 * || ** Health is better than wealth. ** || It's better to be in good health than to be rich. ||
 * || ** Home is where the heart is. ** || You call home the place where the people you love are. ||
 * || ** Honesty is the best policy. ** || It's always better to be honest. ||
 * || ** Honey catches more flies than vinegar. ** || You can obtain more cooperation from others by being nice. ||
 * || ** However long the night, the dawn will break ** || Bad things don't last forever. ||
 * || ** Hunger is a good sauce. ** || All food tastes good when you are hungry. ||
 * ** I ** || ** In times of prosperity friends are plentiful. ** || You have many friends when you have no difficulties. ||
 * || ** If a camel gets his nose in a tent, his body will **
 * follow. ** || If you let something intrusive enter your life, your life will become difficult . ||
 * || ** If life deals you lemons, make lemonade. ** || You should make the best of a bad situation. ||
 * || **If in February there be no rain, 'tis neither good**
 * || ** If a camel gets his nose in a tent, his body will **
 * follow. ** || If you let something intrusive enter your life, your life will become difficult . ||
 * || ** If life deals you lemons, make lemonade. ** || You should make the best of a bad situation. ||
 * || **If in February there be no rain, 'tis neither good**
 * || ** If you are patient in one moment of anger, **
 * you will avoid 100 days of sorrow. ** || Avoid regrets by taking time to think before speaking or acting angrily. ||
 * || ** If you chase two rabbits, you will not catch either **
 * one. ** || If you try to do two things at the same time, you won't succeed in doing either of them. ||
 * || ** If two ride a horse, one must ride behind. ** || When two people do something together, one will be the leader
 * || ** If you want a friend, be a friend. ** ||  ||
 * || ** If wishes were horses, then beggars would ride. ** || Wishing alone is of no use; you must act as well. ||
 * || ** Ignorance is bliss. ** || Possible interpretation: What you do not know causes no worry or sadness. ||
 * || ** In for a penny, in for a pound. ** || If you start something, it's better to spend the time or money necessary to complete it. ||
 * || ** In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. ** || A man of even limited ability has an advantage over a person who is less able. ||
 * || ** It never rains but it pours. ** || Misfortunes usually come in large numbers. ||
 * || ** It is always darkest before the dawn ** || The most difficult time is just before a problem is solved. ||
 * || ** It's no use crying over spilt milk. ** || Don't express regret for something that has happened and cannot be remedied. ||
 * || ** It takes all sorts to make a world. ** || People vary in character and abilities, and this is a good thing. ||
 * **J** || ** Justice delayed is justice denied. ** || If the law is applied too late, there is no justice. ||
 * ** K ** || ** Knowledge in youth is wisdom in age. ** || What you learn when you are young will be invaluable when you grow old. ||
 * || ** Knowledge is power. ** || Knowledge makes it possible for you to act. ||
 * || ** Kill one to warn a hundred. ** || Warn many by punishing a few. ||
 * || ** Kill the goose that lays the golden egg. ** || Destroy something that would be a source of wealth or success. ||
 * || ** Kindness begets kindness. ** || If you are kind to people, they will be kind to you. ||
 * || ** Kill the goose that lays the golden egg. ** || Destroy something that would be a source of wealth or success. ||
 * || ** Kindness begets kindness. ** || If you are kind to people, they will be kind to you. ||

losses. || we can assume that all is well. || not careful about spending large amounts of money. || worse. || (Humoristic version : Too many clicks spoil the browse!) || If too many people are involved in something, it will not be done properly. || and behave in the same way. ||
 * ** L ** || ** Laughter is the best medicine. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Learn to walk before you run. ** || Don't rush into doing something until you know how to do it. ||
 * || ** Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner **
 * everywhere. ** || Education is something you keep forever. ||
 * || ** Least said soonest mended. ** || The more discreet you are, the less damage you cause. ||
 * || ** Let bygones be bygones. ** || Let's forgive and forget past quarrels. ||
 * || **Let not the sun go down on your wrath.** || Do not stay angry for more than one day. ||
 * || **Let the chips fall where they may.** || We should not try to control our destiny. ||
 * || **Let well alone** || Do not interfere with something that is functioning properly or a calm situation. ||
 * || ** Liars need good memories. ** || People who do not tell the truth must be careful to remember what they say. ||
 * || ** L ** **ightning never strikes in the same place twice** || An unusual event is not likely to occur again in exactly the same circumstances. ||
 * || ** Like father, like son. ** || A son's character can be expected to resemble his father's. ||
 * || **Little strokes fell great oaks.** || If you divide a task into small parts, it becomes easier to do. ||
 * || ** Look before you leap. ** || Consider possible consequences before taking action. ||
 * || ** Loose lips sink ships. ** || Disclosing important information ( to the enemy or a competitor) could result in large
 * || ** Losers weepers, finders keepers. ** || If you lose something you weep, if you find something you keep it. ||
 * || ** Love is blind. ** || A person in love does not see the faults of the person he/she loves. ||
 * ** M ** || ** Make a silk purse out of a sow's ear ** || Manage to produce something good using poor material. ||
 * || ** Man is the head of the family; **
 * woman is the neck that turns the head. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Man proposes, God disposes. ** || Our destiny depends on God's will. ||
 * || ** Manners make the man. ** || Possibly: a person's manners show their origins. ||
 * || ** Many hands make light work. ** || Sharing work makes work easier. ||
 * || ** Marry in haste, repent at leisure. ** || If you get married too quickly, you may spend all your life regretting it. ||
 * || ** Memory is the treasure of the mind. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Men make houses, women make homes. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Might as well be hanged for a sheep as (for) a lamb ** || If the penalty is going to be the same, you might as well commit the greater offence. ||
 * || ** Money begets money. ** || If you have money you can make more money. ||
 * || ** Money doesn't grow on trees. ** || You shouldn't waste money because it is not plentiful. ||
 * || **Money is the root of all evil.** || Money is the main cause of wrongdoing and problems. ||
 * || **Money talks.** || Money helps you obtain the desired result. ||
 * ** N ** || ** Necessity is the mother of invention. ** || The need for something forces people to find a way of obtaining it. ||
 * || Need teaches a plan . || Necessity will make you find a solution. ||
 * || ** Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today ** || Don't postpone something you can do now. ||
 * || ** Never say die. ** || Never give up. ||
 * || **Nobody is perfect.** ||  ||
 * || ** No man can serve two masters. ** || It's impossible to follow instructions from two different sources. ||
 * || ** No man is an island. ** || We all need other people. ||
 * || ** No news is good news. ** || If the news was bad, we would hear of it. Since we have heard nothing,
 * || ** No man is an island. ** || We all need other people. ||
 * || ** No news is good news. ** || If the news was bad, we would hear of it. Since we have heard nothing,
 * || ** No smoke without fire. ** || There could be some truth in the rumour... ||
 * || ** No wind, no waves. ** || Similar to : 'no smoke without fire'. ||
 * || ** Nothing ventured, nothing gained. ** || You cannot expect to achieve anything if you don't take risks. ||
 * ** O ** || ** Once bitten, twice shy. ** || After an unpleasant experience, people are careful to avoid something similar. ||
 * || ** One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. ** ||  ||
 * || ** One good turn deserves another. ** || You should be helpful to someone who helps you. ||
 * || **One of these days is none of these days.** || 'One of these days' remains vague. ||
 * || ** One today is worth two tomorrow. ** || What you have today is better than what is promised or hoped for. ||
 * || ** One man's meat is another man's poison ** || People don't always like the same things. ||
 * || ** One man's trash is another man's treasure. ** || What is useless to one person could be valuable to another. ||
 * || ** One swallow doesn't make a summer. ** || A single satisfactory event does not mean that all the others will be as good. ||
 * || ** Only real friends will tell you when your face is **
 * dirty. ** || Only a real friend will tell you the truth. ||
 * || ** Opportunity seldom knocks twice. ** || Don't miss opportunities that come along. ||
 * || ** Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings ** || Children often speak wisely. ||
 * || ** Out of sight, out of mind. ** || We tend to forget people or things that we do not see. ||
 * ** P ** || **Patience is a virtue** || It is good to be patient. ||
 * || ** Penny wise, pound foolish. ** || Refers to a person who is careful about spending small amounts of money, but
 * ** P ** || **Patience is a virtue** || It is good to be patient. ||
 * || ** Penny wise, pound foolish. ** || Refers to a person who is careful about spending small amounts of money, but
 * || ** People who live in glass houses should not throw **
 * stones. ** || One should not criticize others for faults similar to one's own. ||
 * || **Poverty waits at the gates of idleness.** || If you do not work you will not make money. ||
 * || ** Practice makes perfect. ** || Doing something repeatedly is the only way to become good at it. ||
 * || ** Practise what you preach ** || Do yourself what you advise others to do. ||
 * || ** Prevention is better than cure ** || It is easier to prevent something from happening than to repair the damage or cure thedisease later.  ||
 * || ** Pride comes before a fall. ** || Don't be too self-confident or proud; something may happen to make you look foolish. ||
 * || **Procrastination is the thief of time** || Delaying an action for too long is a waste of time. ||
 * || **Punctuality is the soul of business** || You should always be on time for your business appointments. ||
 * || **Put all your eggs in one basket** || Risk everything by relying on one plan (by putting all one's money in one business). ||
 * ** R ** || ** Revenge is sweet. ** || There is satisfaction in returning an injury. ||
 * || ** Rome was not built in a day. ** || It takes a long time to do a job properly. You should not expect to do it quickly. ||
 * ** S ** || **Save me from my friends.** || Friends can be more dangerous than enemies. ||
 * || **Saying is one thing, doing is another.** || People don't always do what they announce. ||
 * || ** Short reckonings make long friends. ** || Debts paid quickly encourage friendship. ||
 * || ** Sickness in the body brings sadness to the mind. ** ||  ||
 * || **Silence gives consent.** || If you don't object to something it can be assumed that you agree with it. ||
 * || ** Snug as a bug in a rug. ** || Feeling very comfortable. ||
 * || ** Spare the rod and spoil the child ** || If you don't punish a child when he does wrong, you will spoil his character. ||
 * || ** Sticks and stones will break my bones but names **
 * will never hurt me ** || Physical attacks may harm me, but cruel words will not. ||
 * || ** Still waters run deep. ** || A quiet person can have much knowledge or wisdom. ||
 * || ** A stitch in time saves nine ** || It's better to deal with a problem in its early stages, because if you don't, it will get
 * || ** Still waters run deep. ** || A quiet person can have much knowledge or wisdom. ||
 * || ** A stitch in time saves nine ** || It's better to deal with a problem in its early stages, because if you don't, it will get
 * || ** Stolen fruit is the sweetest. ** || What is forbidden is the most tempting. ||
 * ** T ** || ** Tall oaks grow from little acorns. ** || Great things may come from small beginnings. ||
 * || ** The apple doesn't fall far from the tree. ** || Children resemble their parents. ||
 * || ** The best advice is found on the pillow. ** || After a good night's sleep we may find an answer to our problem. ||
 * || **The best things in life are free.** || You don't have to pay for what is important : happiness, friendship, good health. ||
 * || **The darkest hour is just before dawn.** || There is hope even in the worst of times. ||
 * || ** The devil looks after his own. ** || Success comes to those who deserve it least . ||
 * || ** The devil makes work for idle hands ** || People who have no work, or are idle, often get into or make trouble. ||
 * || ** The die is cast. ** || A decision has been made and it's impossible to change it. ||
 * || ** The early bird catches the worm. ** || If you want to do something successfully, you should do it as soon as you can. ||
 * || ** The end justifies the means. ** || Wrong or unfair methods may be used if the result of the action is good. ||
 * || ** The first step is the hardest. ** || The most difficult thing is to begin. ||
 * || ** The more haste, the less speed. ** || A person makes more progress if they do things less quickly. ||
 * || ** The more you have, the more you want. ** || People have a constant desire to possess more. ||
 * || ** The mouse that has but one hole is quickly taken. ** || If you depend on just one thing, and it fails you, you will have no alternatives. ||
 * || ** The pen is mightier than the sword ** || Words and communication have greater effect than war and fighting. ||
 * || ** The proof of the pudding is in the eating. ** || The real value of something can be judged only after it has been tried or tested. ||
 * || ** The road to hell is paved with good intentions. ** || It's not enough to intend to do something, you must actually do it. ||
 * || **The tongue wounds more than a lance.** || Insults can be more hurtful than physical injuries. ||
 * || ** The truth is in the wine. ** || People speak more freely under the influence of alcohol. ||
 * || ** The way to a man's heart is through his stomach. ** || Feed a man well and he will love you. ||
 * || ** The wish is father to the thought. ** || You think that something is true because you want it to be so. ||
 * || ** There is a black sheep in every flock. ** || There is always one who doesn't behave or perform like the others. ||
 * || ** There is a trick in every trade. ** || There is an established way of doing things. ||
 * || ** There is no fool like an old fool. ** || A older person is expected to behave more sensibly. ||
 * || ** There is safety in numbers ** || Being in a crowd makes you feel more confident. ||
 * || ** Time and tide wait for no man. ** || Delaying a decision will not prevent events from taking place. ||
 * || ** Time has wings. ** || Time goes by quickly. ||
 * || ** Time is money. ** || Time is valuable and should not be wasted. ||
 * || ** To err is human, to forgive divine ** || It is human nature to make mistakes, therefore one should forgive. ||
 * || ** Too many cooks spoil the broth. **
 * || ** Too many cooks spoil the broth. **
 * || **Too much bed makes a dull head.** || If you sleep too much, you are not able to think clearly. ||
 * || **True friends are tested in adversity.** || It's when you have problems that you realize who your real friends are. ||
 * || ** Trust not a horse's heel nor a dog's tooth. ** || Be careful of the reaction of animals. ||
 * || **Truth has no answer.** || You cannot argue against facts or refute what is true. ||
 * || ** Truth is stranger than fiction. ** || Events in real life are sometimes stranger than in fiction. ||
 * || ** Two wrongs don't make a right ** || It is wrong to harm someone because they have harmed you. ||
 * **U** || **Union is strength.** || A group has more force than an individual. ||
 * || **Unwillingness easily finds an excuse.** || A person who doesn't want to do something always finds a reason to avoid it. ||
 * ** V ** || ** Variety is the spice of life. ** || Doing a lot of different things makes life more interesting. ||
 * || **Virtue is its own reward.** || You should not expect praise for acting in a correct or moral way. ||
 * ** W ** || ** Walls have ears. ** || Be careful. People could be listening. ||
 * || ** Waste not, want not. ** || If you never waste anything, you will have it when you need it. ||
 * || ** What the eye doesn't see, the heart doesn't grieve **
 * over. ** || If a person doesn't know about something, it cannot hurt them. ||
 * || ** What a man says drunk, he thinks sober. ** || People speak more freely under the influence of alcohol. ||
 * || ** What soberness conceals, drunkenness reveals. ** || People are less discreet under the influence of alcohol. ||
 * || ** When the cat's away, the mice play. ** || People misbehave when their boss, or the person in authority, is absent. ||
 * || ** When in Rome, do as the Romans do. ** || You should adopt the customs of the people or country you are visiting,
 * || ** What soberness conceals, drunkenness reveals. ** || People are less discreet under the influence of alcohol. ||
 * || ** When the cat's away, the mice play. ** || People misbehave when their boss, or the person in authority, is absent. ||
 * || ** When in Rome, do as the Romans do. ** || You should adopt the customs of the people or country you are visiting,
 * || ** When poverty come in the door, love goes out the **
 * window. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Where there's life there's hope. ** ||  ||
 * || ** Where there's a will, there's a way. ** || A person with determination will find a way of doing something. ||
 * || ** Who makes himself a sheep will be eaten by the wolves. ** || Possible interpretation: an easily influenced person can be mislead. ||
 * || ** W ****isdom is better than strength.** ||  ||
 * || ** Wonders will never cease! ** || Expresses surprise at an unexpected pleasure or event (ironic). ||
 * || ** Worry often gives a small thing a big shadow. ** || Worrying over small details can make them seem worse. ||
 * **Y** || ** You are what you eat. ** || What you eat has an effect on your well-being. ||
 * || ** You are never too old to learn. ** ||  ||
 * || ** You can lead a horse to water but you can't **
 * make it drink. ** || You can offer someone an opportunity to do something but you can't force them. ||
 * || ** You can't teach an old dog new tricks. ** || A person who is used to doing things a certain way cannot change. ||
 * || ** You never know what you can do until you try. ** || Try first before deciding not to do something. ||
 * || ** You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours. ** || You help me and I'll help you. ||
 * || ** You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours. ** || You help me and I'll help you. ||

**PRESENT PERFECT VS. SIMPLE PAST** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">present perfect **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is used when the **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">time period has NOT finished: ** || || ||
 * **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">have seen ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> three movies ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">this week ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(This week has not finished yet.) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">simple past **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is used when the **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">time period HAS finished: ** || **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">saw ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> three movies ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">last week ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(Last week has finished.) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">present perfect **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is often used when giving **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">recent news: ** || **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Martin ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">has crashed ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> his car again. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(This is new information.) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">simple past **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is used when giving **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">older information: ** || **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Martin ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">crashed ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> his car last year. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(This is old information.) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">present perfect **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is used when the **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">time is not specific: ** || **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">have seen ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> that movie already. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(We don't know when.) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">simple past **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is used when the **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">time is clear: ** || **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">saw ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> that movie ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">on Thursday ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(We know exactly when.) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">present perfect **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is used with **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">for **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> and **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">since **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">, when the **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">actions have not finished yet **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">: || **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">have lived ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> in Victoria ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">for ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> five years. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(I still live in Victoria.) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">simple past **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> is used with **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">for **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> and **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">since **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">, when the **<span style="color: #150890; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">actions have already finished **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">: || **<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">lived ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> in Victoria ****<span style="color: #ba050a; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">for ****<span style="color: #318d26; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> five years. ** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">(I don't live in Victoria now.) ||

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Verbs
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Verbs] form the second largest word class after nouns. According to Carter and McCarthy, verbs denote "actions, events, processes, and states." Consequently, "smile," "stab," "climb," "confront," "liquefy," "wake," "reflect" are all verbs. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Verbs have the following features which aid in their recognition:
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">They usually follow the (grammatical) subject noun phrase (in italics): "//The real raw-knuckle boys who know what fighting means// **enter**the arena without fanfare."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">They agree with the subject noun phrase in number: "The real raw-knuckle //boy / boys// who knows / know what fighting means **enters / enter** the arena without fanfare."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">They agree with the subject noun phrase in person: "I / He, the real raw-knuckle boy who knows what fighting means, enter / enters the arena without fanfare", and
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">They can express tense:"The boys **entered** the arena without fanfare."

<span style="color: black; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Regular and irregular lexical verbs
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Verbs are divided into [|lexical] verbs and [|auxiliary] verbs. Lexical verbs form an open class which includes most verbs. For example, "dive," "soar," "swoon," "revive," "breathe," "choke," "lament," "celebrate," "consider," "ignore" are all lexical verbs.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A lexical verb is said to be //regular// if its base form does not change when inflections are added to create new forms. An example is:
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Base form: climb
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present form: climb
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-s form: climb**s**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present participle: climb**ing**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past form: climb**ed**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past/passive participle: climb**ed**.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Irregular verbs are ones in which the base form changes; the endings corresponding to each form are not always unique. Examples are <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">and <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The verb "be" is the only verb in English which has distinct inflectional forms for each of the categories of grammatical forms, with even the present form differing from the base form:
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Base form: catch
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present form: catch
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-s form: catch**es**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present participle: catch**ing**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past form: **caught**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past/passive participle: **caught**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Base form: choose
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present form: choose
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-s form: choose**s**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present participle: choos**ing**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past form: **chose**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past/passive participle: **chosen**.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Base form: be
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present form: **am**, **are**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">-s form: **is**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Present participle: be**ing**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past form: **was**, **were**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Past/passive participle: **been**.

<span style="color: black; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Auxiliary verbs
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Auxiliary verbs constitute a closed class and their purpose is to add information to other lexical verbs, such as (a) [|aspect] ([|progressive],[|perfect], [|habitual]), (b) [|passive voice], (c) clause type (interrogative, negative), and (d) [|modality].

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The auxiliary verb "do" is used in interrogative and negative clauses when no other auxiliary verb is present: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">For some but not all sources, "used (to)" is an auxiliary verb: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[|Modal verbs] form a closed sub-class of the auxiliary verbs, consisting of the core modals ("can," "could," "shall," "should," "will," "would," "may," "might," "must") and semi-modals ("had better", "ought to", "dare", "need"). Modals add information to lexical verbs about (a) degrees of possibility or necessity (b) permission or (c) ability. Examples: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Modal verbs do not inflect for person or number. Examples:
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aspect (progressive): "'She **is** //breathing// Granny; we've got to make her keep it up, that's all—just keep her breathing."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aspect (perfect): "'Yes, I want a coach,' said Maurice, and bade the coachman draw up to the stone where the poor man who **had**//swooned// was sitting."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Passive voice: "When she was admitted into the house Beautiful, care **was** //taken// to inquire into the religious knowledge of her children."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Clause type (interrogative): (Old joke) Boy: "Excuse me sir, How **do** I //get// to [|Carnegie Hall]?" Man on street: "Practice, Practice, Practice."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Clause type (negative): "The loud noise **did** not //surprise// her."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aspect (habitual): "We **used to** //go// there often."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ability: "Before the snow **could** //melt// for good, an ice storm covered the lowcountry and we learned the deeper treachery of ice.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Certainty: "Eat your eggs in Lent and the snow **will** //melt//. That's what I say to our people when they get noisy over their cups at San Gallo ..."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Expressing necessity: "But I should think there **must** //be// some stream somewhere about. The snow **must** //melt//; besides, these great herds of deer must drink somewhere."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Person: "I/you/she **might** consider it." "He **dare** not go." "He **need** not go."
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Number: "I/we/she/they **might** consider it"


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">Infinitive ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">Simple Past ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">Participle ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to be || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">was/were || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">been ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to become || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">became || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">become ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to begin || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">began || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">begun ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to bite || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">bit || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">bitten ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to break || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">broke || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">broken ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to bring || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">brought || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">brought ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to build || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">built || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">built ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to burn || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">burned/burnt || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">burned/burnt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to buy || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">bought || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">bought ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to catch || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">caught || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">caught ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to come || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">came || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">come ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to cost || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">cost || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">cost ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to cut || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">cut || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">cut ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to dig || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">dug || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">dug ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to do || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">did || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">done ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to draw || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">drew || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">drawn ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to drink || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">drank || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">drunk ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to drive || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">drove || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">driven ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to eat || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">ate || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">eaten ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to fall || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">fell || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">fallen ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to feel || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">felt || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">felt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to fight || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">fought || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">fought ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to find || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">found || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">found ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to fly || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">flew || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">flown ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to get || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">got || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">got/gotten* ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to give || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">gave || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">given ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to go || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">went || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">gone ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to grow || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">grew || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">grown ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to have || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">had || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">had ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to hear || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">heard || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">heard ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to hide || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">hid || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">hidden ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to hit || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">hit || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">hit ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to hold || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">held || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">held ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to hurt || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">hurt || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">hurt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to keep || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">kept || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">kept ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to know || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">knew || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">known ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to learn || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">learned || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">learned/learnt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to leave || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">left || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">left ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to lie || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">lay || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">lain ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to lose || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">lost || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">lost ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to make || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">made || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">made ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to mean || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">meant || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">meant ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to pay || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">paid || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">paid ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to put || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">put || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">put ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to read || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">read || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">read ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to ride || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">rode || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">ridden ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to ring || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">rang || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">rung ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to run || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">ran || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">run ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to say || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">said || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">said ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to see || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">saw || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">seen ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to sell || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sold || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sold ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to send || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sent || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sent ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to set || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">set || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">set ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to show || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">show/shown/showed || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">shown ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to sing || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sang || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sung ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to sink || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sank || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sunk ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to sit || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sat || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">sat ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to smell || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">smelled || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">smelled/smelt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to speak || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spoke || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spoken ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to spell || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spelled || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spelled/spelt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to spend || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spent || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spent ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to spill || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spilled || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spilled/spilt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to spoil || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spoiled || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">spoiled/spoilt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to stand || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">stood || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">stood ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to steal || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">stole || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">stolen ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to stick || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">stuck || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">stuck ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to sweep || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">swept || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">swept ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to swim || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">swam || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">swum ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to take || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">took || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">taken ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to teach || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">taught || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">taught ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to tear || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">tore || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">torn ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to tell || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">told || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">told ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to think || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">thought || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">thought ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to throw || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">threw || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">thrown ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to understand || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">understood || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">understood ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to wake || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">woke || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">woken ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to wear || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">wore || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">worn ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to win || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">won || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">won ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">to write || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">wrote || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">written ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">[has/have + past participle] <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Examples:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 32px;">Present Perfect **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">FORM **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">You **have seen** that movie many times.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Have **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> you **seen** that movie many times?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">You **have not seen** that movie many times.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif';">USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Examples: > B: Yes, there **has been** a war in the United States. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Example: > This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Example: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Example: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Example: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Example:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">I **have seen** that movie twenty times.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">I think I **have met** him once before.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">There **have been** many earthquakes in California.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">People **have traveled** to the Moon.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">People **have not traveled** to Mars.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Have **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> you **read** the book yet?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Nobody **has** ever **climbed** that mountain.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">A: **Has** there ever **been** a war in the United States?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">TOPIC 1 Experience **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">I **have been** to France.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">TOPIC 2 Change Over Time **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">You **have grown** since the last time I saw you.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">TOPIC 3 Accomplishments **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Man **has walked** on the Moon.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">James **has not finished** his homework yet.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">The army **has attacked** that city five times.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">With [|Non-Continuous Verbs] and non-continuous uses of [|Mixed Verbs], we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Examples: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Examples: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Examples:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">I **have had** a cold for two weeks.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">She **has been** in England for six months.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Mary **has loved** chocolate since she was a little girl.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">ADVERB PLACEMENT **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">You have **only** seen that movie one time.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Have you **only** seen that movie one time?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 18px;">ACTIVE / PASSIVE **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Many tourists **have visited** that castle. Active
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">That castle **has been visited** by many tourists. Passive

=Simple Past= FORM [VERB+ed] or [|irregular verbs] Examples: You called Debbie. Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie. [|Complete List of Simple Past Forms] USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car. He didn't wash his car. USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. They did not stay at the party the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. A: How long did you wait for them?B: We waited for one hour. USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as " used to ." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school. They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression " used to" Examples: She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past

Modal Verbs:

A **modal verb** (also **modal**, **modal auxiliary verb**, **modal auxiliary**) is a type of [|auxiliary verb] that is used to indicate [|modality] -- that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is particularly characteristic of [|Germanic languages].

Function
Modal auxiliary verbs give more information about the function of the main [|verb] that follows it. Although having a great variety of communicative functions, these functions can all be related to a scale ranging from possibility ("may") to necessity ("must"). Within this scale there are two functional divisions: The following sentences illustrate the two uses of //must//: Epistemic modals can be analyzed as [|raising verbs], while deontic modals can be analyzed as [|control verbs]. Another use of modal auxiliaries is to indicate "dynamic modality", which refer to properties such as ability or disposition. Some examples of this are "can" in English,. For example, "I can say that in English."
 * **epistemic**, concerned with the theoretical **possibility of propositions being true or not true** (including likelihood, and certainty); and
 * **deontic**, concerned with **possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act** (including ability, permission, and duty)
 * epistemic: You **must** be starving. (= "It is necessarily the case that you are starving.")
 * deontic: You **must** leave now. (= "You are required to leave now.")
 * ambiguous: You **must**speak Spanish.
 * epistemic = "It is surely the case that you speak Spanish (e.g., after having lived in Spain for ten years)."
 * deontic = "It is a requirement that you speak Spanish (e.g., if you want to get a job in Spain)."

Gender role

Views on gender-based differentiation in the workplace and in [|interpersonal relationships] have often undergone profound changes as a result of [|feminist] and/or economic influences, but there are still considerable differences in gender roles in almost all societies. It is also true that in times of necessity, such as during a war or other emergency, women are permitted to perform functions which in "normal" times would be considered a male role, or //vice versa//. [|Gender] has several definitions. It usually refers to a set of characteristics that are considered to distinguish between male and female, reflect one's biological sex, or reflect one's [|gender identity]. Gender identity is the gender(s), or lack thereof, a person self-identifies as; it is not necessarily based on biological sex, either real or perceived, and it is distinct from [|sexual orientation]. It is one's internal, personal sense of being a man or a woman (or a boy or girl).There are two main genders: [|masculine] (male), or [|feminine] (female), although some cultures acknowledge more genders. [|Androgyny], for example, has been proposed as a third gender. Some societies have more than five genders, and some non-Western societies have three genders – [|man], [|woman] and [|third gender]. Gender expression refers to the external manifestation of one's gender identity, through "masculine," "feminine," or gender-variant or gender neutral behavior, clothing, hairstyles, or body characteristics.
 * Gender roles** refer to the set of social and behavioral [|norms] that are considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture, which differ widely between cultures and over time. There are differences of opinion as to whether observed gender differences in behavior and personality characteristics are, at least in part, due to cultural or social factors, and therefore, the product of socialization experiences, or to what extent gender differences are due to biological and physiological differences.

PRONOMBRES: en inglés pueden clasificarse en: personales (o nominales), acusativos, indefinidos, posesivos, relativos y recíprocos. Los pronombres son palabras que señalan o sustituyen a otras que normalmente ya se han nombrado. [|Pronombres Personales] I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they [|Pronombres Acusativos] me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them [|Adjetivos Posesivos] my, your, his her, its, our, your, their [|Pronombres Posesivos] mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs [|Pronombres Reflexivos] myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, … [|Pronombres Indefinidos] anyone, someone, nobody, everybody, anybody, … [|Pronombres Relativos] that, who, whose, which, whom [|Pronombres Recíprocos] each other, one another

Vistos en perspectiva
Personales ||~ Pronombres Acusativos ||~ Adjetivos Posesivos ||~ Pronombres Posesivos ||~ Pronombres Reflexivos ||
 * ~ Pronombres
 * I || me || my || mine || myself ||
 * you || you || your || yours || yourself ||
 * he || him || his || his || himself ||
 * she || her || her || hers || herself ||
 * it || it || its || -- || itself ||
 * we || us || our || ours || ourselves ||
 * you || you || your || yours || yourselves ||
 * they || them || their || theirs || themselves ||
 * ~ Pronombres Indefinidos ||
 * everybody || nobody || somebody |||| anybody ||
 * everyone || no one || someone |||| anyone ||
 * everything || nothing || something |||| anything ||
 * ~ Pronombres Relativos ||
 * who || which || that || whom || whose ||
 * ~ **Pronombres Recíprocos** ||
 * each other / one another ||

=<span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Present Continuous - Practice Forming Present Continuous =


 * <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Exercise: Put the verb in brackets in the correct form to make different form of the Present Continuous Tense. **
 * 1) <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">John (read) a book now.
 * 2) <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">What (you do) tonight?
 * 3) <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Jack and Peter (work) late today.
 * 4) <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Silvia (not listen) to music.
 * 5) <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Maria (sit) next to Paul.
 * 6) <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">How many other students (you study) with?
 * 7) <span style="color: #000065; font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The phone (not ring).


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> ear Aunt Julia,I have so much to tell you, I don’t know where to begin! Remember last summer when I told you that I was planning to enter the TeenSay Magazine essay contest? Well, I entered, and my essay, "Improving Community Safety," won! The prize was a weekend trip to New York City, with a visit to the TeenSay offices to see how they publish the magazine each month. Three of us were chosen to go from Texas: two other contest winners, and myself.My mom took me to the airport for the flight to New York, and I have to admit I was nervous! I’ve flown before, but never without my parents. But when we got to the airport and met the other people in our group, I relaxed. The group leader, Ms. Alvarez, was really friendly and easy to talk to. She is in charge of marketing and special promotions at TeenSay Magazine. While we waited for our flight, she described the activities we’d be participating in that weekend. She also introduced me to the other contest winners. Irene is from Arlington, and she’s 13 years old like me. She won a prize for the series of photographs she took when her family drove across the country last summer. The other winner is a 15-year-old boy named Eddie. Eddie won the TeenSay community spirit award for cleaning up and improving the neighborhood parks in his town. Irene and Eddie both seemed like a lot of fun. Before our plane even took off, we were laughing and telling jokes like we’d known each other forever.I was surprised at how quick the flight seemed. Since Ms. Alvarez and I were sitting next to each other, she told me a lot about herself and how she had ended up working at TeenSay Magazine. She said that as a young girl she had always enjoyed writing stories and interviewing people. She also loved planning and organizing events. She was always in charge of planning her school’s dances and fundraisers, and even organized her family’s big reunion party every year. After college, she got a job as a reporter at TeenSay, and then she gradually moved into their marketing and special promotions department. She said that she still occasionally writes an article for them, but she loves what she does now. I told her that I was thinking about becoming a reporter someday, and she said that she thought I could do it if I worked really hard.Before I knew it, we were landing in New York. At the airport, we were picked up in a limousine—just like celebrities! We drove to the TeenSay offices downtown. All during the ride, Irene and Eddie and I were pressed up against the windows like little kids, staring at the buildings and the people we passed. You wouldn’t believe how different New York is from Texas! The colors, the smells, the noises—everything is different. We couldn’t get over how crowded it was: all of the people and cars on the streets and so much going on. We were excited to jump in and start seeing the sights.When we arrived at the TeenSay offices, Ms. Alvarez took us on a tour. We got to see how a magazine goes from a rough manuscript to a finished issue. I couldn’t believe how much work and detail goes into each issue, and how many people it takes to do the work. My favorite part was seeing the bulletin board where sketches, rough drafts, and outlines get pinned up in sequence. We also met many of the employees, from illustrators and writers to photographers and editors, and they answered all of our questions.By the time the tour was over, Ms. Alvarez could tell that we were getting tired. She took us to her favorite restaurant, and on the way there we had a chance to do some window-shopping and check out some of the sights. All around us, people were speaking different languages. I told Ms. Alvarez that I thought I could spend a whole year in New York and still not see everything!When I see you at Mom’s birthday party next week, I will tell you all about the sightseeing we are going to do tomorrow. I am enclosing a copy of my essay with this letter. So far, it has been a great trip.Love,Yoshiko ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> ear Aunt Julia,I have so much to tell you, I don’t know where to begin! Remember last summer when I told you that I was planning to enter the TeenSay Magazine essay contest? Well, I entered, and my essay, "Improving Community Safety," won! The prize was a weekend trip to New York City, with a visit to the TeenSay offices to see how they publish the magazine each month. Three of us were chosen to go from Texas: two other contest winners, and myself.My mom took me to the airport for the flight to New York, and I have to admit I was nervous! I’ve flown before, but never without my parents. But when we got to the airport and met the other people in our group, I relaxed. The group leader, Ms. Alvarez, was really friendly and easy to talk to. She is in charge of marketing and special promotions at TeenSay Magazine. While we waited for our flight, she described the activities we’d be participating in that weekend. She also introduced me to the other contest winners. Irene is from Arlington, and she’s 13 years old like me. She won a prize for the series of photographs she took when her family drove across the country last summer. The other winner is a 15-year-old boy named Eddie. Eddie won the TeenSay community spirit award for cleaning up and improving the neighborhood parks in his town. Irene and Eddie both seemed like a lot of fun. Before our plane even took off, we were laughing and telling jokes like we’d known each other forever.I was surprised at how quick the flight seemed. Since Ms. Alvarez and I were sitting next to each other, she told me a lot about herself and how she had ended up working at TeenSay Magazine. She said that as a young girl she had always enjoyed writing stories and interviewing people. She also loved planning and organizing events. She was always in charge of planning her school’s dances and fundraisers, and even organized her family’s big reunion party every year. After college, she got a job as a reporter at TeenSay, and then she gradually moved into their marketing and special promotions department. She said that she still occasionally writes an article for them, but she loves what she does now. I told her that I was thinking about becoming a reporter someday, and she said that she thought I could do it if I worked really hard.Before I knew it, we were landing in New York. At the airport, we were picked up in a limousine—just like celebrities! We drove to the TeenSay offices downtown. All during the ride, Irene and Eddie and I were pressed up against the windows like little kids, staring at the buildings and the people we passed. You wouldn’t believe how different New York is from Texas! The colors, the smells, the noises—everything is different. We couldn’t get over how crowded it was: all of the people and cars on the streets and so much going on. We were excited to jump in and start seeing the sights.When we arrived at the TeenSay offices, Ms. Alvarez took us on a tour. We got to see how a magazine goes from a rough manuscript to a finished issue. I couldn’t believe how much work and detail goes into each issue, and how many people it takes to do the work. My favorite part was seeing the bulletin board where sketches, rough drafts, and outlines get pinned up in sequence. We also met many of the employees, from illustrators and writers to photographers and editors, and they answered all of our questions.By the time the tour was over, Ms. Alvarez could tell that we were getting tired. She took us to her favorite restaurant, and on the way there we had a chance to do some window-shopping and check out some of the sights. All around us, people were speaking different languages. I told Ms. Alvarez that I thought I could spend a whole year in New York and still not see everything!When I see you at Mom’s birthday party next week, I will tell you all about the sightseeing we are going to do tomorrow. I am enclosing a copy of my essay with this letter. So far, it has been a great trip.Love,Yoshiko ||


 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Now answer Numbers 1 through 8. Base your answers on the story "A Letter from New York." ** ||
 * |||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">From whose point of view is this story told? ||
 * || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ms. Alvarez’s ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Aunt Julia’s ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Yoshiko’s ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Eddie’s ||
 * |||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Yoshiko is in New York City because ||
 * || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">she won the trip in an essay contest. ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">she is visiting her Aunt Julia. ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ms. Alvarez invited her to visit TeenSay Magazine. ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">she wants to be a reporter someday. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">What conclusion can you draw about Yoshiko and Aunt Julia?  ||
 * || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">They do not have a very good relationship. ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">They are close and share their experiences with each other. ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Yoshiko writes to her aunt because her mother wants her to. ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Yoshiko and her aunt travel together frequently. ||
 * |||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Where does Yoshiko’s adventure begin? ||
 * || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">at the TeenSay offices ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">at home ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">in New York City ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">at the airport ||
 * |||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Read this sentence from the story. ||
 * |||| **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">She also loved planning and organizing events. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> What does //organizing// mean? ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">attending ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">taking part in ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">arranging ||
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">observing ||